Youth unemployment has increased in many industrialized countries following the recent global recession. However， this reflects not only the cyclical shock， but also the crucial role of institutions in structuring the transition from school to work. Vocational training， in particular in a dual form combining vocational schooling and structured learning on-the-job， is often considered to be one of the most important policy solutions in combating youth unemployment.

随着最近的全球经济衰退，许多工业化国家的青年失业率有所上升。然而，这不仅是周期性冲击的反映，也凸显了教育机构在引导学生从学校向职场过渡的过程中的关键作用。职业培训，尤其是把职业学校教育和结构化在岗学习结合起来的双元模式，通常被认为是应对青年失业难题最重要的政策方案之一。

In developed countries， vocational education and training can be classified into three distinct systems： vocational/technical schools， formal apprenticeships， and dual vocational training systems.

在发达国家，职业教育和培训可以分为三种不同的体系：职业学校/技工学校、正式学徒制和双元制职业教育体系。

School-based vocational training and education

基于学校的职业教育培训

Some countries have a large vocational schooling component as part of their upper secondary education system. This is the case for most southern European countries， including France， Italy， and Spain， and for some eastern European countries. In those countries， the schooling system is divided into a general education track and a vocational education track. While the general education track aims to provide youth with general， often academically-oriented knowledge as the basis for a university education， vocational education and training aims to provide youth with practice-oriented knowledge and skills to prepare them for particular occupations.

一些国家在中等教育的高级阶段融入了大量职业教育内容。法国、意大利、西班牙等大多数的南欧国家以及部分东欧国家就是这种情况。在这些国家，教育体系分为普通教育轨道和职业教育轨道。普通教育轨道侧重于以学术为导向的一般知识教学，为大学教育奠定基础；职业教育轨道则侧重于实务型知识和技能的培养，帮助学生为将来从事特定职业做好准备。

In many countries， the vocational option is frequently seen as a safety net for students with poor academic performance who are at risk of dropping out of school and for students who are less academically inclined. The close link to work tasks and hands-on practical experience is expected to motivate more practically-oriented youths to continue training and remain in school longer. However， because the share of students who enter academic education after vocational schooling is very low， the vocational schooling option is often seen as a dead-end track and a second-choice education.

在许多国家，职业教育通常被视为一种兜底方案，为学业成绩不佳、有辍学风险的学生以及对学习知识兴趣不大的学生提供保障。职业教育与实际工作任务和实践经验紧密相关，以期激励重实务的年轻人继续接受培训，并延长上学时间。然而，由于从职业教育转入学术教育的学生比例非常低，职业教育常被视为死胡同或次选教育途径。

Formal apprenticeship schemes

正式学徒制

In some countries， vocational education and training is provided through formal apprenticeships， with institutional instruction complementing workplace training.

在一些国家，职业教育和培训实行正式的学徒制，学校教育与职场培训互为补充。